What locus does SCID sffect2/17/2024 ![]() Moreover, among those with a lifetime history of major depression, less than 14% of smokers were able to stop smoking and remain abstinent. In a study involving 3200 community residents, 3 among individuals with a history of major depression, 65% of the women and 80% of the men were regular smokers. THE HIGH prevalence of cigarette smoking in persons with depression 1, 2 and difficulties with successful smoking cessation among depressed patients has led researchers to hypothesize that smoking is a type of self-medication. If the present observations reflect long-term effects of smoking on premortem noradrenergic biochemistry, smoking-induced changes in LC biochemistry may strengthen the smoking habit among subjects with major depression. The direction of these changes is opposite to that observed when comparing subjects who have major depression with normal controls and the same as that produced by long-term antidepressant treatment in animals. Smoking had no statistically significant effects on binding to monoamine oxidase A or to the norepinephrine transporter.Ĭonclusion This is the first demonstration that cigarette smoking affects noradrenergic proteins in the LC. Results Amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and radioligand binding to α 2-adrenoceptors were significantly lower (approximately 60% and 40%, respectively) along the axis of the LCs of long-term smokers compared with nonsmokers. Amounts of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and radioligand binding to the norepinephrine transporter, monoamine oxidase A, and α 2-adrenoceptors were measured. Methods Postmortem LCs were obtained from long-term cigarette smokers (n=7) and from nonsmokers (n = 9), all of whom lacked diagnoses of major depression. The LC was studied because elevated amounts of α 2-adrenoceptors and tyrosine hydroxylase have been observed postmortem in the LCs of subjects with major depression or who commit suicide, and because long-term administration of antidepressant drugs to rats down-regulates these proteins in the LC. To explore a possible biological basis for this hypothesis, noradrenergic proteins in the locus coeruleus (LC) were measured in long-term cigarette smokers and in nonsmokers. Shared Decision Making and Communicationīackground It has been hypothesized that cigarette smoking among subjects with major depression is a form of self-medication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience. ![]() Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography. ![]()
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